Conditions Of Integrability
Conditions Of Integrability :
( A ) First Form Of Integrability :
A necessary and sufficient condition for the integrability of a bounded function f is that to every ε > 0 , there corresponds δ > 0 such that for every partition P of [a,b] with norms μ(P) < δ ,
U(P,f) - L(P,f) < ε .
Proof Of Necessary Part :
Let's suppose that the bounded function f be integrable i.e
b - b b
∫ f dx = ∫ f dx = ∫ f dx
-a a a
Let ε > 0 be a positive small number . By Darboux's Theorem ∃ a δ > 0 such that for every partition P with norm μ(P) < δ we have
- b b
U(P,f) < ∫ f dx + ε/2 = ∫ f dx + ε /2 ...(1)
a a
and
b b
L(P,f) > ∫ f dx - ε /2 = ∫ f dx - ε / 2 ....(2)
- a a
or
b
- L(P,f) < - [ ∫ f dx - ε / 2] .....(3)
a
Now adding equation(1) and equation (3) we get
U(P,f) - L(P,f) < ε , for every partition P with norm μ(P) < δ .
Proof Of Sufficient Part :
Ler ε > 0 be a small positive number. For any partition P with norm μ(P) < δ .
It is given that
U(P,f) - L(P,f) < ε
We know for any partition P , we have
b - b
L(P,f) ≤ ∫ f dx ≤ ∫ f dx ≤ U(P,f)
- a a
- b b
⇒ ∫ f dx - ∫ f dx ≤ U(P,f) - L(P,f) < ε (given)
a - a
[If a ≤ b ≤ c ≤ d then c- b ≤ d- a]
Here ε is an arbitary small positive number . The above expression shows that the non negative number is less than a posirive number . So it can be
- b b
∫ f dx - ∫ f dx = 0
a - a
- b b
⇒ ∫ f dx = ∫ f dx
a - a
⇒ f is integrable (Proved)
( B ) Second Form Of Conditions Of Integrability :
A bounded function f is integrable on [ a,b ] iff for every ε > 0 ∃ a partition P such that
U(P,f) - L(P,f) < ε
Proof Of Necessary Part :
Let us suppose that the function f is integrable . Then
b - b b
∫ f dx = ∫ f dx = ∫ f dx ...........(1)
- a a a
Let ε be a small positive number we know the upper integral is the infimum of the upper sum and the lower integral is the supremum of the lower sum . So ∃ partitions P₁ and P₂ such that
- b b
U(P₁,f) < ∫ f dx + ε / 2= ∫ f dx + ε / 2 .....(2)
a a
and
b b
L(P₂,f) > ∫ f dx - ε / 2 = ∫ f dx - ε / 2 .......(3)
- a a
Let P be the common refinement of P₁ and P₂ . Then we can write
b U(P,f) ≤ U(P₁,f) < ∫ f dx + ε / 2 < L(P₂,f) + ε
a
< L(P,f) + ε
i.e U(P,f) - L(P,f) < ε (Proved)
Proof Of Sufficient Part :
Let ε be a small positive number such that
U(P,f) - L(P,f) < ε where P is any partition .
Again for any partition P , we have
b - b
L(P,f) ≤ ∫ f dx ≤ ∫ f dx ≤ U(P,f)
- a a
- b b
So , ∫ f dx - ∫ f dx ≤ U(P,f) - L(P,f) < ε
a - a
The above expression shows that the non negative number is less than every positive number ε .
So it must be zero
- b b
∫ f dx = ∫ f dx
a - a
⇒ f is integrable (Proved)
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