Darboux's Theorem For Integrability
Darboux's Theorem For Integrability :
If f is a bounded function on [a,b] , then to every ε > 0 , there corresponds δ > 0, such that
-b
(A) U(P,f) < ∫ f dx + ε
a
b
(B) L(P,f) > ∫ f dx - ε
- a
for every partition P of [ a,b ] with norm μ(P) < δ .
Proof :
(A) Given f is bounded function of [a,b] , so there exists a positive number k such that
|f(x) | ≤ k ∀ x ∈ [ a,b]
We know the upper integral is the infimum of the set of upper sums i.e to every ε > 0 , ∃ a partition P₁ = { x₀,x₁,x₂,.....xₙ}
of [ a,b ] such that
- b
U(P,f) < ∫ f dx + ε / 2 ..........(1)
a
Here the partition P has p-1 points besides x₀ and xₚ . Let δ be a positive number such that
2 k (p-1) δ = ε / 2 ......(2)
Let P be any partition with norm μ(P) < δ and let P* be a refinement of P and P₁ i.e P* = P ∪ P₁ . As P* is a refinement of P having at the most p-1 more points than P , then we get
U(P,f) - 2 k (p-1)δ ≤ U(P* , f)
≤ U(P₁,f)
- b
< ∫ f dx + ε / 2
a
[ using equation (1) ]
- b
So U(P,f) < ∫ f dx + ε / 2 + ε / 2
a
- b
= ∫ f dx + ε
a
[ using equation (2) ]
Similarly we can prove
b
(B) L(P,f) > ∫ f dx - ε (Proved) - a
About Scientists :
Jean-Gaston Darboux FAS MIF FRS FRSE (14 August 1842 – 23 February 1917) was a French mathematician.
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