Trapezoidal Rule
Trapezoidal Rule :
Let us suppose that the interval (a,b) be divided into n equal subintervals such that a = x₀,x₁.......xₙ₋₁,xₙ = b .
We know from Newton's Forward Difference Interpolation Formula that
y = y₀ + sΔy₀ + s(s-1)/2! Δ²y₀
+ s(s-1)(s-2)/3! Δ³y₀.....
..............(1)
Where xₙ = x₀ + nh and x= x₀ + sh ......(2)
Integrating both sides of equation(1) between x₀ and xₙ , we get
xₙ xₙ
∫ y dx = ∫ (y₀+sΔy₀+s(s-1)/2! Δ²y₀
x₀ x₀
+ s(s-1)(s-2)/3! Δ³y₀+....)dx
Using equation (2) in the above expression ,we get
xₙ n
∫ y dx = h∫ (y₀+sΔy₀+s(s-1)/2! Δ²y₀
x₀ 0
+s(s-1)(s-2)/3! Δ³y₀+....)ds
xₙ
or ∫ y dx = nh[y₀ +n/2 Δy₀ +n(2n-3)/12 Δ²y₀
x₀
+ n(n-2)²/24 Δ³y₀ +......].....(3)
Here x= x₀ +sh
dx = h ds
When x= x₀ ,then x₀ = x₀ + sh
⇒s= 0
Again x= x₀ + sh
When x= xₙ , then xₙ = x₀ + sh and xₙ = x₀+nh
∴ x₀ +sh = x₀ + nh
⇒ sh = nh ⇒ s= n
Putting n= 1 in equation (3) ,we get
x₁
∫ y dx = h[y₀ + 1/2 Δy₀] ......(4)
x₀
Since all other differences higher than the 1st becomes zero .
Now ,equation (4) can be written as
x₁
∫ y dx = h[y₀ + 1/2 (y₁-y₀) ] = h/2 [y₀+y₁]
x₀ ..........(5)
Similarly we can get
x₂
∫ y dx = h/2 [ y₁ + y₂ ] ........(6)
x₁
x₃
∫ y dx = h/2 [ y₂ + y₃ ] ..........(7)
x₂
.....................................................
.....................................................
xₙ
∫ y dx = h/2 [ yₙ₋₁ + yₙ ] ............(8)
xₙ₋₁
Combining all these integrals , we get
xₙ x₁ x₂ x₃ xₙ
∫ y dx = ∫ y dx + ∫ y dx + ∫ y dx + .....+∫ y dx
x₀ x₀ x₁ x₂ xₙ₋₁
= h/2 [y₀+y₁] + h/2 [y₁+y₂] + h/2 [y₂+y₃]
+ ............+ h/2 [yₙ₋₁+yₙ]
= h/2 [ y₀ + 2(y₁+y₂+y₃+.....+yₙ₋₁) + yₙ]
....................(9)
Which is known as Trapezoidal Rule .
For Example :
1
Compute ∫ x³ dx by Trapezoidal
0
Rule , taking n = 5 .
Solution :
Here f(x) = x³ and h= 1-0 /5 = 0.2
Now x₀ = 0 , x₁ = 0.2 , x₂ = 0.4 , x₃ = 0.6 , x₄ = 0.8 , x₅ = 1.0
By Tabulating
x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
f(x) 0 0.008 0.064 0.216 0.512 1.0
Using Trapezoidal rule , we get
1
∫ x³ dx = h/2 [y₀+ 2(y₁+y₂+y₃+y₄) + y₅]
0
=0.2/2 [0+2(0.008+0.064+0.216+0.512)+1.0]
= 2/20 [2 ⨯ (0.850) +1 ]
= 1/10 (1.600 + 1)
= 26/100 = 0.26
Which is required answer .
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