The Main Theorem
The Main Theorem :
Statement :
If a function f is bounded periodic with period 2π and integrable on [-π,π] , and piecewise monotonic on [-π,π], then
∞
1/2 a₀ + Σ (aₙcosnξ + bₙsinnξ)
n=1
[1/2 [f(ξ-)+f(ξ+)], for -π<ξ<π ,
=
[1/2 [f(π-)+f(-π+)] , for ξ= ±π
where aₙ , bₙ are Fourier coefficients of f.
Proof :
∞
Let 1/2 a₀+Σ (aₙcosnx +bₙsinnx) be
n=1
the Fourier Series of f , and ξ , a point of
[-π,π] . The mth partial sum at the point ξ,
∞
1/2 a₀ + Σ (aₙcos nξ + bₙsin nξ)
n=1
π m π
= 1/2π ∫ f dx + Σ 1/π ∫ f [cosnx cosnξ
- π n=1 -π
+ sinnx sinnξ]dx
π ∞
= 1/2π ∫ f [1+2 Σ cos n(x-ξ) ] dx
-π n=1
π ∞
= 1/2π ∫ f(x+ξ) [1+2 Σ cos nx] dx
-π n=1
π
= 1/2π ∫ f(x+ξ) sin(m+1/2)x /sin x/2 dx
-π
0
= 1/2π ∫ f(x+ξ) sin(m+1/2)x / sin x/2 dx
-π
π
+ 1/2π ∫ f(x+ξ) sin(m+1/2)x / sinx/2 dx
0
π/2
= 1/π ∫ f(-2t+ξ) sin(2m+1)t / sint dt
0
π/2
+ 1/π ∫ f(2t+ξ) sin(2m+1)t / sint dt
0
Proceeding to limits when m-->∞,
∞
1/2 a₀ + Σ ( aₙcos nξ + bₙ sin nξ)
n=1
= 1/π [1/2 π f(ξ-)+1/2 π f(ξ+)]
= f(ξ-) + f(ξ+) /2 , ξ∈ [-π,π]
Thus , the Fourier Series of a (periodic) function f which is bounded , integrable and piecewise monotonic on [-π,π] , converges to 1/2 [f(-ξ)+f(ξ+)] at a point ξ , -π<ξ<π , and (using periodicity of f) to
1/2[f(π-)+f(-π+)] at the ends , ±π .
Hence the proof .
Example :
Find the Fourier series of the periodic function f with period 2π , defined as follows :
{ 0 , for -π< x ≤ 0,
f(x) = {
{ x , for 0≤ x ≤ π
What is the sum of the series at x = 0,±π , 4π , -5π ?
Solution :
The function is bounded , integrable and piecewise monotonic on [-π,π] . Let us determine Fourier Coefficients
π 0 π
a₀ = 1/π ∫ f dx = 1/π [∫ 0 . dx + ∫ x dx ]
-π -π 0
= π/2
π
aₙ = 1/π ∫ x cos nx dx
0
π π
= 1/π [|x sinnx / n| - 1/n ∫ sinnx dx ]
0 0
π {0, for n even
= 1/nπ |cosnx /n| ={
0 { -2/πn²,for n odd
π
bₙ = 1/π ∫ x sin nx dx = - cos nπ /n
0
{-1/n , for n even
= {
{ 1/n , for n odd
In [-π,π] the point ±π are the only points of discontinuity of f . Therefore at all points of the interval other than ±π , we have
f(x) = π/4 - 2/π {cosx/ 1² + cos3x/ 3² + ....}
+ {sinx/ 1 - sin2x /2 +sin3x /3 -...}
At x=0 where f is continuous , we get
f(0) = π/4 -2/π {1/1² +1/3²+....}
⇒ 1+1/3²+1/5²+.... = π²/8
Because of periodicity , value of the Fourier series at x= 4π is same as at x=0
At x=±π , points of discontinuity of f , the sum of the series
= 1/2 [f(-π)+f(-π+)] = 1/2 π
∴ π/2 = π/4 + 2/π {1/1²+1/3²+1/5².....}
or 1+1/3²+1/5²+....= π²/8
Again because of periodicity , value at -5π is same as at x = ±π .
Which is required solution .
-π -π 0
= π/2
π
aₙ = 1/π ∫ x cos nx dx
0
π π
= 1/π [|x sinnx / n| - 1/n ∫ sinnx dx ]
0 0
π {0, for n even
= 1/nπ |cosnx /n| ={
0 { -2/πn²,for n odd
π
bₙ = 1/π ∫ x sin nx dx = - cos nπ /n
0
{-1/n , for n even
= {
{ 1/n , for n odd
In [-π,π] the point ±π are the only points of discontinuity of f . Therefore at all points of the interval other than ±π , we have
f(x) = π/4 - 2/π {cosx/ 1² + cos3x/ 3² + ....}
+ {sinx/ 1 - sin2x /2 +sin3x /3 -...}
At x=0 where f is continuous , we get
f(0) = π/4 -2/π {1/1² +1/3²+....}
⇒ 1+1/3²+1/5²+.... = π²/8
Because of periodicity , value of the Fourier series at x= 4π is same as at x=0
At x=±π , points of discontinuity of f , the sum of the series
= 1/2 [f(-π)+f(-π+)] = 1/2 π
∴ π/2 = π/4 + 2/π {1/1²+1/3²+1/5².....}
or 1+1/3²+1/5²+....= π²/8
Again because of periodicity , value at -5π is same as at x = ±π .
Which is required solution .
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