The Laplace Transformation
The Laplace Transformation:
In recent years , in the solution of differential equations much use has been made of what are known as "Operational Methods". Such methods have wide applications in science and engineering and represent a large field for advanced study .
This method consists of a procedure of solving differential equations where the boundary or initial conditions are automatically satisfied in the course of the solution . The Laplace transformation is but one of many possible operational methods of solving linear differential equations .
Definition:
Given a function f(t) of a real variable t>0 , if we multiply it by e⁻ᵖᵗ and with respect to t between the limits 0 and ∞, the result is a function of p, say f̅(p). This function f̅(p) is called the Laplace Transformation of f(t) , also written as L{f(t)}. Thus
∞
L{f(t)} ≡ f̅(p) = ∫ e⁻ᵖᵗf(t) dt ,
0
provided the integral exist. Here p, in general , is a complex variable. However, in special cases it may be either real or imaginary . We shall restrict p to assume only real values .
Laplace Transforms Of Some Functions:
(i) If f(t) = 1,
from definition we get
∞ ∞
f̅(p) = ∫ e⁻ᵖᵗ .1 dt = [-1/p e⁻ᵖᵗ] = 1/p
0 0
Hence L{1} = 1/p .
∞
(ii) L{t} = ∫ e⁻ᵖᵗ t dt
0
∞ ∞
= [-1/p e⁻ᵖᵗ t] + 1/p ∫ e⁻ᵖᵗ dt
0 0
= 1/p² .
∞
since , lim te⁻ᵖᵗ = 0 and ∫ e⁻ᵖᵗ dt = 1/p .
t-->∞ 0
∞
(iii) L{tⁿ} = ∫ e⁻ᵖᵗ tⁿ dt ,
0
where n is a positive integer
∞ ∞
= [-1/p e⁻ᵖᵗ tⁿ] + n/p ∫ e⁻ᵖᵗ tⁿ⁻¹ dt
0 0
= n/p L{tⁿ⁻¹}.
The successive application of the formula (iii) gives
L{tⁿ} = n!/pⁿ⁺¹ .
∞
(iv) L{eᵃᵗ}= ∫ e⁻ᵖᵗ eᵃᵗ dt
0
∞ ∞
= ∫ e⁻ᵖᵗ⁺ᵃᵗ dt = [-e⁻ᵖᵗ⁺ᵃᵗ/p-a]
0 0
= 1/p-a
∞
(v) L{cos at } = ∫ e⁻ᵖᵗ cos at dt
0
∞
= 1/2 ∫ e⁻ᵖᵗ[eⁱᵃᵗ+e⁻ⁱᵃᵗ]dt
0
∞ ∞
= 1/2 ∫ e⁻ᵖᵗ⁺ⁱᵃᵗ dt +1/2 ∫ e⁻ᵖᵗ⁻ⁱᵃᵗdt
0 0
= 1/2(p-ia) + 1/2(p+ia) = p/p²+a²
Similarly,
L{sin at } = p/p²+a² .
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